The discovery of the first antibiotic, Penicillin, by Alexander Fleming is, without a doubt, the turning point in the evolution of modern medicine. Antibiotics are the primary treatment choice for bacterial infections like chlamydia and gonorrhoea. Antibiotic treatment became widespread after Penicillin use in 1947 to treat World War II…

What if you could make a creature that was half- human or half- animal? Do you use it to fly away? What if you could use it to save lives? That is what some scientists are trying to do by injecting human stem cells into animal embryos. Isn’t it magical? …

We’ve seen a few “sheroes” in the last few decades confronting standards with lots of grit and zeal. They are women of their own making who have continuously improved our next generation of female entrepreneurs. …

Palaeofaeces and its archaeobiological importance 1.1 Faeces and gut microbiota Faecal samples are used as proxies for gut microbiota. The study of gut microbiome is broad and fascinating, but in brief, it refers to the exploration of the ecosystem of microbes in the gastrointestinal tract. Recent studies have revealed a…

Any mouse which has its genome altered using any genetic engineering technique is termed as genetically modified or a “transgenic” mouse. The power of introducing foreign DNA precisely and permanently into the genome of animals has enhanced the potential of biological research. Transgenic animals are used in many applications like…

“How can I get a Ph.D.?” “What would happen after getting a degree or a Ph.D.?” “Can I be a researcher who unravels deep secrets, concepts in the bioscience world?” Do you always wonder and trouble yourself with these problems? Then you may be someone who loves and is curious…

In research, data is evaluated through statistical significance and practical significance. Statistical significance is the term we frequently use without true understanding. Statistical significance means an inferential statistic that links sample data to population data (Rosen and DeMaria, 2011). The first step of testing statistical significance is to form a…

PCR stands for Polymerase Chain Reaction. Under the current global pandemic situation, PCR has become one of the most effective methods of controlling the pandemic in means of accurate and early detection of COVID-19. Simply, a selected region of a DNA molecule is identified and amplified in PCR. The target…

Cell-Penetrating Peptide Mediates Intracellular Membrane Passage of Human Papillomavirus L2 Protein to Trigger Retrograde Trafficking Pengwei Zhang, Gabriel Monteiro da Silva, Catherine Deatherage, Christopher Burd, Daniel DiMaio (2018). Summarised by Changin Oh Original article — https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2018.07.031 Cellular membranes are the first line of host defense that physically block invading viruses…